The Paper (part III)

It is curious how an investigation brings things up. As you are reading new sources and getting some info, a book falls into your hands refuting facts that you considered for sure, clear and concrete. This happened to me with “Properties of Paper: An Introduction”, published by TAPPI (Technology Association for Pulp and Paper Industry), from authors James C. Abott and Stanley Trosset; a fantastic book, even when it is more oriented to industrial papermaking on USA, leaving behind artistic uses and handmade paper.

So much new information, incomplete matters, that I've been forced to speak a little more about nature of paper and its making.

We already said that main source for cellulose is treewood. Also saw that together with cellulose other elements coexists in plant's cells, like Hemilcellulose and Lignin. However, reading this book I've learned that Lignin works as a binding agent between fibers and that its concentration grows in the outer layers of the cell, contrary to what I said in the previous entry. In fact, it is necessary to remove lignin to free the fibers in an homogeneous solution, since it concentrates on the outer walls of the fiber isolating it from others, reducing the number of possible contact points between them (which are what generates the "bond" characteristic of paper). Lignin has a very complex and variable chemical structure, it is insoluble in water but can be disolved on certain acids solutions.

As a tip to whom desires to cook their own pulp, an agent that disolves lignin (not very efficiently but it works) is popular caustic soda in water. Its efficiency improves in pressence of high temperatures and pressure (but to use a pressure cooker with caustic soda is extremely dangerous!). Do not worry about cellulose, its chemical binding is strong enough to all acids except a few number of strong ones.

The other component, Hemilcellulose, is a polymer similar to cellulose but with slightly different molecular arrangements; is important in paper since it stimulates creation of fibre to fibre contacts and in its water absorption hability, however, it doesn't resist the lignin elimination process.

Then, if you want to make housemade paper, forget about tree wood and look for a plant with low concentrations of Lignin and fibres not too longs (that leaves out cotton), because that will result on a too resistent paper, like cloth, hard to fold (don't forget that the mark of a fold is given by the fracture of the fibre).

Also because the fact that papermaking from tree wood has become an extremely contaminant process just for the use of chemicals in the removal of lignin, and it is in that way because the low costs induced by wood and the chemical usage. Among the ways to produce cellulose there is the pure mechanical (as stone groundwood and Refiner Mechanical Pulp), constituting 10-15% of world's paper production, their disadvantages are the difficulties to obtain an uniform and homogeneous pulp, the breaking and damaging of fibres and paper's short lifetime, reasons because it is used mainly for newspapers, catalogs and light publications.

Lignin gives paper and pulp a characteristic brown color. It's important to understand that is impossible to remove all lignin from pulp, so all pulps coming from tree wood have that characteristic before the bleaching process; kraft paper has that colour only to the absence of the bleaching stage and it is a pure chemical pulp process.

As we talk about pollution, the whole process of papermaking is extremely water and energy consuming and, even when enormous advances has been developed in the reusage of water and chemicals to reduce that fact, it is far away from being reasonable for nature., all that leads us to the need of minimize the use of paper in our regular life and to respect and love the piece of paper we hold in hands, because the cost and sacrifice that it meant.

Properties of Paper

At last I think we can enter the land of the physical and structural differences between the different types of paper. The Characteristics of paper are Structural and Mechanicals, in the next posts I will talk about each one of them.

Structural Properties are:

Grammage
Formation
Thickness
Directionality
Two-sidedness
Smoothness
Porosity

Grammage

In industrial terms, weight of paper is measured by fixed packages of a given number of sheets and standard sizes for them, which makes thorny and difficult to make any comparative analysis between different kinds of paper; for that reason, the International System of Measurements (SI) established the mass content in a single sheet of known area, or grammage (grams per square meter, g/m2) as the mass - characterizing value for paper.

Typical values of grammage for paper are:

Formation

Formation on paper refers to uniformity in the distribution of the fibres and other components along and wide the sheet of paper; it is in the pulp sheet making stage when this is controlled.

Thickness

Thickness (or Caliper) is a vital parameter but commonly undervalued by designers and folders, who normally looks for the thinness possible piece of paper to its much complex models, specially for the box-pleated ones. There is a tendency to believe that thickness of paper is negligible and it will not affect the geometry and symmetry of the figure, nothing further from reality, specially when folding lots of layers together.

It is obvious that the maximum number of layers to be folded together is related with the thickness of the paper. However, there is a physical limit that show us to understand the real importance of it when folding any sheet. To illustrate it let's exaggerate the thicknes and see how many layers creates long and wide concentric circumferences around the fold; the long the number of them, greater the amount of paper they take away from the model.

The calculations of these diameters were done by an american mathematics student (now teacher) called Britney Gallivan on Dec 2001, getting a numeric series and a formula to obtain the needed long L for folding a piece of paper of thickness t a consecutive number n of times:

For example, regular thickness of a bond printer paper is 0.1 mm, let's assume we want to fold it 10 times over itself, we will lose exactly 55.036036 meters! of paper only in the foldings...

She achieved a world record folding a sheet over itself a number of 12 times (for curiouses our bond paper should be 880 meters!!, nearly a kilometre!).

Regular values for thickness are given in the next table:

An important parameter results from diving grammage by the thickness of a paper, called apparent density, thinner papers but with high grammages can be more resistant to tearing; generally is in compression stage when this characteristic is achieved. We will see this when mechanical properties are reviewed.

A flying Condor (my first design)

Hi,
I've decided to give me (and you) a small break while preparing the next entry about paper and folding (which is almost ready), and share the amazing experience of my first designed model. Last February, during Roman Diaz workshop on Purranque, I've came to the idea of designing this bird, because is a magnificient and gorgeus animal and also because there is not many models flying around about it.

Loyal to that workshop, I enlisted the main objectives I wished to accomplish in an order of priorities:

1. it should be a flying condor, with its wings opened in glide.
2. have a color change to provide it with a white neck, characteristic of it.
3. with its legs withdraw in flying position (I love birds with their legs, they give the model a felling of completitude, even if the figure is not completely closed)
4. With its long feathers on the top of the wings, also characteristics of its specie.
5. should be an ellegant and have an easy look, not too carrion-like.

the first two conditions were out of the question, so I felt into them. First one influenced strongly on the base choice; if I wish long extended wings, I should use preferently the main diagonal of the square and the other two corners for the head and tail. Soon I got one good answer from the figures I've folded until now, Anibal Voyer's pegasus base:

If I folded AB and AC with valleys not only I'll get a couple of long wings and enough paper for head and tail, but also being slightly inclined folds I'll obtain a 3D curve bending the wing down on flight.

Then there was the head problem and its famous color change, as I had to reduced the top triangle to the center of the model, since Condor's heads are much smaller than their wings, I had to hide paper in wing's frontal edge, which nevertheless gave them a thick axis to enforce their shape and whole forming and posture. Hidding three layers resulted on a small white triangle in the center of the model. But when I folded front and closed that triangle I couldn't find any way to produce the color change to create the white neck without sacrificing the usage of the top corner for the beak or getting a too wide neck to the edges of the wings. After many weeks and models folded, finally I founded a trick and a solution

I passed into the wings and their finger like feathers problems, box pleating fingers didn't help me, because they produced long layered bands along the wings. I was again lost until I saw Román Díaz's Kingfisher, which probed me that best solutions often are the simplest, with feathers suggested by simple marking them, giving me this result:

pretty OK to me. Still, after watching this eagle from Nguyen Hung Cuong, I tried to test overlaying of flaps, which I definitely chose.

And the tail. I tested many different tails and the solution I liked the most was an achordeon or semi box pleated one, which gave the model some ellegance, at the time that simulates rear wing feathers and hide the inside of the model, but I'm not totally decided.

This Condor still needs a lot of work and developing, details like the head comb (which I think I'll get enlarging and trimming the head) but no doubt it has teached me a lot. I'll fold it in a better paper and more finished and post it in the future weeks, I hope you like it and also looking forwrd to know your opinions

Many regards.